Dancing in a Winter Wonderland Managing Stakeholders Case Study

Dancing in a Winter Wonderland Managing Stakeholders - Case Study Example There are different theoretical approaches to stakeholder management in an organizational context. They are; agency theory, transaction cost economics, competitive theory, institutional theory, stakeholder theory, and network theory. In the context of event management, it is worth considering the stakeholder theory and the network theory. The stakeholder approach deals basically with groups or individuals who can affect the performance of an organization and whose interests are taken care of by the management (Freeman, 1984; Frooman 1999) Power, legitimacy and urgency are identified as the basic attributes of stakeholders (Mitchell et al 1997) The network approach talks about the positions of different actors created by the links among them. (Thorelli, 1986) A different kind of social relationship among actors is assumed in the network analysis (Galakiewicz, 1996) Thus actors, activities and resources are the basic concepts in a network (Johanson and Associates 1994) The actors in th e network own and control resources and carry out activities by combining resources (Sharma, 1993) While stakeholder theory is mainly static the network theory deals with the dynamic process involved in changing the network. Thus event management encompasses the basic elements of both of these theoretical approaches. Therefore it becomes important that the event is conducted skillfully so that it becomes valuable to all the stakeholders. One of the most cited reasons for the failure of any event is the lack of resources. Lack of resources can be identified by the inability of the event management to attract more sponsors and donors. Thus the success of the events depends largely on the support from stakeholders. This adds to the proposition that the event managers should manage the relationship with the stakeholders more efficiently. The literature on event management has established the relationships between the management of events and the stakeholders (e.g. Getz, 1997; Watt 1998; Long, 2000; Lvendahl, 2000) However it needs to be mentioned that there is no documented evidence of the application of the stakeholder theory in the event management contexts (Reid & Acordia 2002)

Automotive Spare Parts Manufacturing Supply Chain

Automotive Spare Parts Manufacturing Supply Chain Abstract This research study is objectively aimed at studying Inventory management in the global supply chain. The case study of an enterprise in the automotive spare parts manufacturing sector is presented to understand important aspects of functioning related to inventory control management in the global supply chain. The automotive industry has always been a booming industry and continuous to remain the same on a all levels i.e. local, national and global. The supply of automotive components forms a vital link and process in the automotive industry. Many business small, medium-sized and large through inventory management form a part of the global supply chain effectively. The researcher, proposes to present a case study analysis of Kapoor Automobiles (India), a medium-sized organization of repute and good market standing in the Global supply chain of automotive components. This research would throw light on the inventory management system employed by the organization, its effectiveness, shortcomings and remedial measures taken to fulfill consumer needs, retain them and grow through effective modes of Inventory control in the Global Supply Chain. The researcher, further proposes to utilize business analytical tools of primary research i.e. qualitative research and quantitative research, secondary research, S.W.O.T analysis (Strength, weakness, opportunity and threats) and P.E.S.T.L.E. analysis (Political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental) to ascertain the above mentioned objective of the research. Introduction: Kapoor Automobiles (India) was incorporated in the year 1965 in Mumbai (India). In the commencement Kapoor Automobiles (India) functioning in the capacity of a trading company for the sale and purchase of automotive rubber parts. In the year 1990, the business enterprise ventured into manufacturing activities and gradually advanced towards gaining a secure and permanent market position overseas in the automotive rubber parts replacement segment of the market. Kapoor Automobiles (India) succeeded in doing so on account of the provision of high quality services to their growing clientele. Kapoor Automobiles (India) places a high magnitude of emphasis on high quality and increased productivity to meet the global consumer demand and counter-attack competition. The Research and Development team of Kapoor Automobiles (India) focuses in continuity research on the changing consumer needs and the firm attempts to incorporate those needs in their production activities. Kapoor Automobiles (India) has been recognized as an organization of international repute by the following certification: ISO 9001: 2000 Quality Management System Certificate by French giants SGS. From humble beginnings of a small workshop, Kapoor Automobiles (India) currently has a manufacturing plant with an area of 12000 sq meters with state-of-the-art anti vibration connection technology. Here, assembly elements of rubber-metal composition are manufactured. The highlighting aspects of Kapoor Automobiles (India) are as follows: The organization has a staff of 127 production staff, 12 administrative officials and 2 rubber technicians. The products of the organization are a varied range of automotive rubber components for vehicles such as Bedford, BMC, BMW, Fiat, Hino, Isuzu, Iveco, Lada, Land Rover, Mazda, Mercedes, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Opel, Peugeot, Renault Toyota, VW, Volvo to name a few for the purpose of exemplification. Kapoor Automobiles (India) focuses on four major production processes: Rubber mixture preparation and Preforming Metal forming and Machining Metal and pipe surface preparation. Vulcanization Kapoor Automobiles (India) has a clientele spread across the African and European continent and the Middle East. Aims and Motivations of the Research Study: The automobile industry is a global industry which is witnessing a high level of growth. The competition in this global industry necessitates a well-coordinated process of supply of the automotive parts to car manufacturers as an when there is a demand for the same. Thereby the need to have good level of inventory management in the global supply chain is of prime importance to meet the demand of the market, help the business to survive and grow in this competitive market. My motivation and aim of this research study is to comprehend all the aspects which make possible successful inventory control in global supply chain management. My area of research and analysis in this context would lay focus on the automotive parts manufacturing sector. General Objectives: This study aims at on a general or basic level understanding Global Supply Chain Management and its significance in today day and age of excessive competition. The objective is also to learn about all the factors which influence inventory control in global supply chain management in a positive and negative way especially the automotive spare parts industry. To gain knowledge about how an improvement in the smooth functioning of global supply chain management can be brought about by a good level of inventory control. Specific Aims: This research is specifically aimed at understanding the functions of Kapoor Automobiles (India) with regard to inventory control in global supply chain management. In this regard its current activities, the positive aspects, the shortcomings and how improvisation could be brought about in the process of inventory control of Kapoor Automobiles (India) for global supply chain management. Research Questions: This dissertation is aimed at answering the following questions: What is Global Chain Supply Management? What is inventory control? How does Inventory Control in Global Supply Chain Management function in context to the automotive spare parts industry? How do firms in the automotive spare parts industry effective manage inventory control as a part of Global Supply Chain Management? Kapoor Automobiles (India)s strategy of Inventory Control in Global Supply Chain Management? How could Kapoor Automobiles (India) improve on their Inventory Control in Global Supply Chain Management and compete better in the overseas market? What are the future trends perceived in the Automotive parts Inventory Control in Global Supply Chain Management? Dissertation Structure: The structure of this dissertation incorporates the following: Chapter 5 lays focus on the theoretical grounding for the research, reviewing a generous selection of literature on Supply Chain Management, Inventory control, all the aspect necessary to be taken into consideration for successful inventory control, the need of it and Global Supply Chain Management. Furthermore the literature review also brings forth the importance of good inventory control in the global supply chain management of the automotive parts industry. Chapter 6 introduces the method of study to be employed to analyze inventory control in global supply chain management of Kapoor Automobiles (India). Chapter 7 presents the studys findings and discussion which are initially presented in diagrammatic form, then discussed. Chapter 8 will collate the main findings of the study to provide solid conclusions. The limitations are given, followed by an appraisal of the projects main strengths and weakness. Recommendations for future research are also provided. Literature Review: Supply Chain Management: A Supply Chain Management activity could be understood as the management of materials, vital information and finances as they are channelized from a supplier to the manufacturers then to the wholesaler, retailer and finally the consumer. The activity of supply chain management comprises of skillful coordination and integration of the above aspects within organizations and among them. The final goal of an efficient supply chain management process is to bring about a reduction in stock with the basic ideology that products are available when needed. (Cooper, M.C., Lambert, D.M., Pagh, J. (1997) Supply chain management flows can be divided into three main flows which are as follows: The product flow The information flow The finances flow The product flow constitutes the flow of products or commodities from a supplier to a consumer. The second aspect which is information flow comprises of transmission of orders and updates on status deliveries. The third aspect is the financial flow which comprises of terms of credit, payments, consignment and title ownership arrangements. Supply Chain Management of different organization differs depending on the size and nature of the organization and the product manufactured. An effective supply chain management ensures process of obtaining supplies and components, conversion of the same in to finished products and making supply of these products to the final consumer. Supply Chain Management is the management of all these aspects aptly without delays and at a low cost fulfilling the needs of the consumer in the process. (Haag, S., Cummings, M., McCubbrey, D., Pinsonneault, A., Donovan, R. (2006) There are six key elements to a supply chain: (Ketchen Jr., G., Hult, T.M. (2006) Production Supply Inventory Location Transportation, and Information The following describes each of the elements: 1. Production The needs (Kouvelis, P.; Chambers, C.; Wang, H. (2006) and demands of the consumer is taken into account prior to production. Decisions regarding what to product, how to produce and how many units need to produced are taken. Furthermore, it is also decided upon whether to produce the whole product or certain parts should be outsourced. These vital decision regarding production activities should be made keeping in mind the volume of goods, the quality, capacity and the consumer wants and levels of satisfaction. Decision regarding operational activities should focus on equipment maintenance, scheduling and quality control. 2. Supply An organization (Larson, P.D. and Halldorsson, A. (2004), cannot produce all the components required for the manufacture of a product and the need to outsource parts arises. The organization should be cautious in the choice it makes of the supplier of components. The focus of the organization while engaging a supplier to supply components should be on quality, flexibility and the development of velocity and at the same time should maintain low costs. In summation, vital decision has to be taken to make the outsourcing partnership or activity a viable one for the manufacture and supply of the final product. 3. Inventory Important decisions (Lavassani, M. K., Movahedi B., Kumar V. (2008) regarding how much should be stocked in the organization should be taken. A proper balance should be maintained as inventory holding is an important aspect of a good supply chain management process. The consumer demands should be met up without any supply delay and hence optimum level of inventory should be decided upon and place at strategic consumer points to serve the consumer as and when the demand for the product arises. Control policies must be checked upon to maintain right levels of supply at order and reorder points. 4. Location Strategic decisions (Movahedi B., Kumar V. (2008) regarding location of the production plant, facilities of stocking and distribution should be made to ensure that the consumer avails the product when he demands without any delay. When the parts or components are light in weight and market driven, manufacturing units should be located near the final consumer. In heavy industries, sources of raw materials should be taken in consideration while deciding where the manufacturing plant should be located. Tax and tariff issues should be looked into while making strategic decisions. 5. Transportation In context (Mentzer, J.T. et al. (2001) to fulfilling consumer demands, decisions related to transportation and inventory are quite closely connected. Utility of air transport is quick but expensive in comparison to water or road transport but makes the product available in a short span of time to the consumer. Water or road transport means being in possession of high levels of in-house stock to meet immediate consumer demands. Depending upon the demand the product generates, the cost of the product and the stock available decision relating to transportation should be made. 6. Information A (Simchi-Levi D.,Kaminsky P., Simchi-levi E. (2007) supply chain management in order to be effective focuses on acquiring information for point of final consumption and connecting the information resources all through the entire chain to bring an effective flow. A good organization of information is required to bring in innovation in operation. Connecting computers through networks and having the information flow streamlined helps consolidate knowledge and helps in creating velocity for the products. Account management software, product configurators, enterprise resource planning systems, and global communications are important factors to be considered. Pragmatic Applications Today the market scenario (de Kok, A.G., S.C. Graves (Editors) 2003) demands fast delivery of goods. By high levels of stocking, many organizations try to fulfill this market demand. The organizations are at times unable to produce goods as and when the market demands and hence maintains high stocks. If processes are analyzed in the supply chain then the causes and solutions could be found to bring reduction in throughput time. Reducing the time in the chain of events right from the moment the consumer places to the order to the delivery for the same could help a company gain a competitive edge without the need to have large stocks. Need for an effective Supply Chain Management: There is a high degree (Stock, J.R., D.M. Lambert. 2001) of competition in the business scenario today which demands that an organization in order to have a competitive advantage should utilize its resources to do what it is good at and indulge in outsourcing those processes that are not significant from an overall objective of the organization. SCM enable an organization to restructure its complete operation focusing on core competencies and outsourcing certain processes which would help the organization gain apt market positioning. Furthermore, is important to make the right decisions of partners, resources and manpower. The organization should understand which process or pattern could reduce wastages and raise levels of competence. For the sake of exemplification, the Japanese (Coyle, J.J., E.J. Bardi, C.J. 2002) car industry manufactures small cars by capitalizing on its available resources. The Japanese car industry effectively utilizes supply chain management to maximize core competencies and create niche market positioning. Toyota Motor Corporation, a Japanese company, is stated to be the number one auto car maker overpowering Ford and General Motors of the United States. Value Advantage Supply Chain Management (Bowersox, D.J., D.J. Closs, M.B. Cooper. 2002) has made provision for business nowadays to not just have benefits of productivity alone but also on value advantage. Productivity advantage provides a lower cost profile and the value advantage gives the product an extra plus over competitive offerings.Through maximizing added value there is cost reduction and more innovation can be brought to the product and process. Mass manufacturing offers productivity advantage and through mass customization, consumers are given the value advantage. For illustrative purposes, the Toyota Production System practiced in Toyota, evaluates (Ballou, R.H. 2003) its supply chain and determines what is value added activities and what is not value added activities. Inventory Holding: Advantages: The aspect which proves to be an (Silver, E.A., D.F. Pyke, R. Peterson 1998) advantage with regards to high inventory holding is that it acts as a buffer to the company when market demands are high. If prices are expected to rise then high stocking results in capital advantage or gain. The risk of supply shortage is overcome by high inventory. Market shortage of goods is also met with by high inventory. Disadvantages: High cost warehouse management is the main disadvantage of having large inventory of finished products. There could be a possible capital loss to the business if the prices fall in the market in future. Cash is bound in carrying stocks and there is a risk of loss on account of degradation, defects and write-offs. Lack of proper management of inventory could lead to losses too. It should be noted that though inventory assists in operations, it is an asset that ties up funds i.e. working capital and the related opportunity cost. Other disadvantages: Stock could be stolen, lost or forgotten Might be dangerous to store Might involve high cost to store particularly in terms of value. There is a possibility of replication or duplication at several different points e.g. retail stores, hospitals, builders, merchants. There are additional costs such as administrative and insurance costs Techniques to purchase stock and manage inventory efficiently It is vital for any (Blackburn, J.D. 1990) business organization to learn to manage inventory with efficiency thereby making possible a company to stock inventory sufficiently to meet the consumer needs. Lack of sufficient stock leads to delays and causes disrepute to the business. On the contrary, large inventory block organizational funds. A business which is primarily retail makes money only on the sale of stock and maintenance of stocks involves the following costs: Charges of Interest on any loans taken to buy goods. Charges for storage space. Transportation costs for stock movement and for its display. Cost of time involved in stock management. Cost involved in stolen of damaged stocks. Payroll expenses. Substantial amounts of an organizations funds could be blocked in inventory. Apt management of inventory essentially leads to high profits and lower costs. Purchase the right products Employ market research to make the identification of right products for the right market. Analysis of sales charts of previous financial years. Identify needs of consumers and create those products to satisfy needs. Analysis of economy forecast in the periods to come and make a determination of how market would function or react. Draw comparison between you and your competitors sales. Make the right decisions based on experience regarding what to products to buy and at what quantity. Buying Correct Quantities In order to meet the varying market demand, it is necessary to maintain the right quantity of inventory. In the process of maintaining the right quantity of inventory care should be taken to not have overstocking of obsolete products. (Gilmore, J.H., B.J. Pine. 2000) To do this you must: Have knowledge of the right product to order Order the right quantity of the product Have knowledge of the right time to order the product Have knowledge of product arrival Have knowledge about the right quantity of product to stock during the business cycle Have knowledge of when reorders need no submission Have knowledge of when products should not be stocked This knowledge is acquired by analysis and experience: Ensuring suppliers have market repute and would supply products in needed quantities. Making a study of lead times for the purpose of supply and delivery to make possible ordering at the apt time, or determining the delivery time for the consumers is more products have to be ordered. Overbuying should be avoided just to take advantage of special supplier deals. Re-check buying plans weekly and amend as needed. If the stock is being sold or being utilized faster than expected, look to source more products as soon as the trend is identified and in existence. Make a note of required stock levels (minimum, maximum and at the point to re-order). Success of Inventory Control: The regular and periodic (Stalk, G., T.H. Hout. 2003) evaluations of key performance indicators in companies help determine the success of an inventory system. The basic group of indicators reveals how well the inventory system fulfills the business needs and does it exceed the customer expectations. The inventory system should have the capability of accounting for that exists at the finished goods inventory with the inclusion of what was manufactured in the latest production cycle. This process makes it possible to bring forward units for consumer orders in at the right time without delays and help companies shorten the lead-time and thus building repute in the process. An efficient system makes it possible to maintain a good balance between the stock that is in possession and the stock that is required to operate the business efficiently. Global Supply Chain Management: For many business (De Geus, A., (1998) organizations, Global Supply Chain Management has become increasing important as there has been an increase in offshore sourcing and globalization. As global supply chain management involves many countries thereby the issues or difficulties to be tackled are many too. Primarily the overall costs need to be considered. Though labor cost could be minimal, cost of space, tariffs and other costs needs to considered with doing business abroad. The exchange (Drucker, P. (1988), rate too needs to be factored. The companys lead-time could positively or negatively affect depending on the productivity of the employees overseas and the shipping time involved. There could be time lags on account of custom clearance time and other governmental red tape. (Gersick, C. J. G. (1991). Supplier selection is also another important aspect of global supply chain management. Extensive research should be carried out by the company to help make the right choice. Logisti cal issues such as deciding the number of plants and their locations to surface and have to be worked out carefully. (Romanelli, E. and Tushman, M. L. (I994) Assembler-supplier relationships in the global auto industry For the last two decades, there has been a change in the relationship between assemblers and suppliers. Initially there has been a shift from supply of individual components to supply of complete function such as corners, systems, modules or sub-assemblies. (Sadler, D. (1998) a supplier who is first-tier assembles parts and makes a supply of them as complete units (such as dashboards, rear axle assemblies, body panels and seats). Operations earlier carried out in-house by the assembler, such as the manufacture of seats and exhaust systems, are moved on to the first-tier supplier. Second, component producers have taken an further role in the creating design of components and systems (Humphrey, J. and M. Salerno (2000) First-tier component producers assert more involvement with their consumers and have transited to providing black box parts or systems. While the assembler gives overall performance specifications and information about the interface with the remaining aspect of the car, the supplier designs a solution using its own technology, often taking in a basic design to the customers specific requirements.3 This shift has facilitated car assemblers to transfer R D costs to component manufacturers and to take advantage from the speci alized technological skills of these producers. Conclusion As supply chains have moved from a cost focus to a customer focus and now currently to a strategic focus, the need to think strategically about the supply chain has never been more important. The success of a strategy is only as good as the companys ability to fully and properly execute it. A great supply chain strategy, linked with operational excellence, can provide success for not only the company in question but also its partners and customers. Methodology: This chapter will essentially focus on the method employed for the conduct of research and analysis. The reasons governing the techniques chosen would be furnished. Furthermore, the chosen method of analysis of data compiled and the ethical consideration therein would be discussed. Primary Research: Ethical Considerations: The researcher is of the conviction that no research should be carried out without attention being paid to the implications which are of ethical nature. On ethical grounds, the researcher presented in all clarity to the participants or volunteers for this research study that the research was purely for academic reasons and the data compiled and analyzed would be utilized for the purpose of Academic projects and would not be in any manner shared with any other individuals other than Academicians evaluating the research conducted nor would the data collected be employed for commercial usage. The researcher provided this indemnification and hence the participants agreed to volunteer vital information regarding Kapoor Automobiles policies of Inventory holding and Global supply chain management. Furthermore the participants were informed of the fact that no participation fee would be levied or charged. Face to Face Interviews: Face to face interviews were conducted with the C.E.O. of Kapoor Automobiles (India) and the Board of Directors of the company to gain an understanding into the overall aspects of the functioning of the organization and to also gain information about their modes of Inventory control in their Global Supply Chain Management activities. Information about this was provided it in depth and the research succeeded in getting a clear practical picture of their operations. The researcher failed to acquire figurative data relating to inventory control as the C.E.O and the Board of Directors expressed confidentiality issues. The interviews too were conducted in an informal manner as they the participants (C.E.O and Board of Directors) insisted on anonymity and the researcher assured them of the same. For gaining an understanding of the production process and actual physical inventory control process, rubber technicians and warehouse supervisor of Kapoor Automobiles (India) were interviewed and productive insight was gained by the researcher. Time and Access: Limitations emerged in the form of lack of time and access in the case of certain Board of Directors of Kapoor Automobiles. Of the 8 Board of directors, 2 of them could not be accessed as they were overseas to conduct negotiations of Kapoor Automobiles (India) and hence they could not be interviewed. Some of the available Board of Directors could not spare sufficient time of the interviews as they had to attend to the day to day management affairs of the organizations. Though the time they made available was limited, their input were undoubted valuable. The C.E.O. expressed inability to even provide approximations of figurative data citing confidentiality issued and hence the researcher failed to have access to any figurative data whatsoever. Secondary Research: The techniques of secondary research employed by the researcher were essentially gaining vital data from the online library provided by Cardiff Business School. This library of the Cardiff Business School was of immense utility as all the theories relating to Inventory Control and Global Supply Chain Management were available in abundance and facilitated a process of ease in understanding and compiling the much required theories and data. The search engines of Mintel and Ebsco proved to be of immense use to the researcher. Besides the above mentioned source, the researcher referred to several books written by experts in the field of Inventory control and Global Supply Chain Management to acquire multiple perspectives on the area of research and analysis. The information gained was significant and hence employed by the researcher in his research study. Findings and Analysis: Introduction: Employing the primary research techniques, the researcher learnt through face to face interviews of the C.E.O and Board of Directors of Kapoor Automobiles (India) that the organization being medium-sized, financially they are not in a position to have high levels of inventory to meet unforeseen demands of the consumers in the Global Supply Chain Management process. Kapoor Automobiles (India) initially commenced as a very small business outfit carrying out its production, stocking and distribution activities from a very small workshop. Kapoor Automobiles (India) grew successfully over a period of time and now possess a large production and warehousing unit in comparison to what they had when the business commenced and this is owing to the fact that business leaders at Kapoor Automobiles (India) formulate the apt strategy to meet demand of consumers spread across the continents of Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Financial constraints necessitate Kapoor Automobiles (India) to follow t he Just-in-time inventory management process. Just-in-time (JIT) could be defined as a strategy of inventory management. This methodology focuses on bringing about an improvement in the firms return on investment by bring down or reducing the in-process inventory and related carrying costs. Just-In-Time production method is also termed as Toyota Production System. In order to fulfill objectives of Just-In-Time, this inventory management method is reliant on Kanban or signals emerging between different points in the link, which indicate the production department as to when the next batch should be produced. Initially, Kapoor Automobiles (India) was following this method on account of financial constraints which did not permit holding large inventory but now Kapoor Automobiles (India) prefers this method as the market trend is changing in continuity on account of new technological developments at regular and short intervals and this required constant change in product and the production methods and the other obvious reason as stated by Kapoor Automobiles (India) is the fact that they are yet a medium sized enterprise and would not be in a position to have large inventory. They further stated that large inventory for the Global Supply Chain Management process could lead to financial losses as the inventory could go obsolete as the automobile industry is a progressive and booming industry and there is a requirement of constant modification in the spare parts or components utilized for the manufacture of automobiles. Conclusively, Kapoor Automobiles (India) have stated that Just-In-Time inventory management system helps them reduce the in-process inventory costs and other related costs and hence is the most preferred mode of inventory management. They further state that their organization is in a state of growth in continuity and they objective aim at converting Kapoor Automobiles (India) which is currently a medium sized organization into a large sized organization and when Kapoor Automobiles (India) attains this objective they would continue to function utilizing Just-In-time inventory management system to meet the demands of their clients in the Global Chain as the product features and demands related to it are changing continuously and maintaini

Symptoms, Causes and Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder :: Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

Introduction Throughout history the world as we know it has introduced several chapters of natural disasters, terror and wars. To name a few recent events: the war in Iraq, the terror attack â€Å"9.11† and the earth quake on the island Haiti. People who have been involved in one of these kinds of events often seem to develop a set of common symptoms in spite of the different events they have experienced. This has caused scientists and psychologists to study whether these people develop the same disorder based on their experience. Empirical data and studies involving these questions have lead researchers to believe that critical events may lead to a disorder called Post- traumatic stress disorder (Hyer, 1994). This disorder has in the past years become one of today’s most common disorders. This project will involve and debate the following questions: Why do people develop post-traumatic stress disorder? Why is it that so many soldiers are exposed to this disorder? 1. Symptoms Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) first became a diagnostic category due to problems many of the Vietnam veterans experienced after they returned from battle. Stress reactions to events in battle had already been discovered in previous wars such as WWI and WWII; however, the veterans of the Vietnam War seemed particularly affected by the disorder. A majority of the veterans developed commons symptoms in spite of their personality, age and earlier experiences. The major symptoms include (1) feeling numb to the world, with lack of interest in former activities and a sense of estrangement from others, (2) reliving the trauma repeatedly in memories and dreams, and (3) sleep disturbance, difficulty concentrating, and over-alertness. Some people even felt guilt, being a survivor among deceased fellow soldiers. These symptoms lead to what we today call Post-traumatic stress disorder (Aasgaard & Dahl, 1997) A survey (1988) calculated that 15 percent of Vietnam veterans have suffered from PTSD since their return from war. The study also supports that among the survivors a majority suffered with alcohol related problems, trouble in social situations and fainting unexpectedly. Among the veterans, 16 % of the 713 tested, had been arrested for breaking the law, and approximately 40 percent suffered with war related nightmares and memories that they where unable to leave behind (Atkinson m. fl., 1996). â€Å"The war is over in history. But it never ended for me† (Marbly, 1987, from Atkinson, 1996) Anger and aggression is another common reaction to a stressful event.

Machiavelli

In the beginning of The Prince, Machiavelli outlines the different types of principalities which constitute all forms of government.   He then goes on to give advice on how a competent ruler would go about keeping a stronghold in the principality he had just conquered.   Although perhaps not as blatant as other political leaders’ attempts at gaining control after an invasion of a country, George Bush, taking action in 2003, decided to firmly plant an America influence in Iraq. â€Å"The Decider,† as the President recently referred to himself, chose a path which has clear parallels to situations outlined in The Prince.   Within the pages of The Prince, Machiavelli has given much advice as to how to deal with the current situation in which the President now finds himself.   Leaving out ethical consideration of the actions our President has taken and must take in the future, this paper will explore the relationship between the teachings found in The Prince and the current situation in Iraq and attempt to answer the question of what advice Machiavelli would give to President Bush to ease his current situation. In the beginning of The Prince, Machiavelli claims that all governments are either republics or principalities.   As he has already laid out what constitutes a republic, The Prince is concerned with only principalities.   As he explains, there are three different types of principalities; hereditary, new, and mixed. A hereditary principality is the sort that is passed from ruler to ruler in the same family.   It is the typical monarchial relationship in which a king, once no longer able to rule, passes his kingdom over to the next in line, usually his son.   New principalities are entirely new territories to be ruled over, and mixed principalities are new additions to existing territories.   It is this last kind of principality that this paper will be concerned with as it is most readily illustrated with the current situation in Iraq. To understand the relationship between Machiavelli’s ideas and what the Bush administration is currently involved in in the war there, it is necessary to understand the recent history of Iraq. Iraq was formed from three former Ottoman regions; Basra, Baghdad, and Mosul.  Ã‚   It was given to the United Kingdom at the end of World War I as a mandate.   The United Kingdom granted Iraq independence in 1932 but invaded in 1941 when it seemed that the government there was threatening European oil supplies.   The U.K then occupied the country for several years and installed a monarchy to rule the region. This monarchy lasted until a coup d’etat led by the Iraqi army overthrew it in 1958.   After this government was itself overthrown, the Iraqi Ba’ath party gained control and out of this rose Saddam Hussein.   Hussein ruled Iraq until removed from power by the United States in 2003.   (Wikipedia 2006) Although perhaps in the eyes of Hussein, Iraq could be considered a monarchy, it was more often considered a dictatorship.   And because when the United States invaded Iraq they were not invading a new territory, Iraq as a principality would, by Machiavellian standards, be considered not a hereditary or new principality, but mixed.   It is these sorts of principalities that, in Machiavelli’s words, â€Å"†¦are the ones that present problems.† Aside from the hereditary principalities, in which the people of the territory do not, as evidenced by their loyalty to the King’s family, mind the change in power, a mixed principality, because the people have been under the rule of one man (as in the case of Iraq), will not take well to the new ruler unless their situation improves.   Machiavelli’s musings on human nature bring out the idea that all people are generally looking out for themselves and those close to them. They are generally indifferent to politics when things are going well for themselves.   For this reason, if the people’s situation improves even a small amount and provides them the feeling of safety and security, it will not really matter to them who is in control.   As evidenced by the daily insurgent attacks, kidnappings and suicide bombings, President Bush has not created a feeling of security for the people of Iraq.   Is it any wonder that the vast majority of the Iraqi’s do not want us there?   President Bush has failed to accomplish even this first goal of competent rule laid out by Machiavelli. In The Prince, Machiavelli uses the analogy of rulers being like foxes and lions to prove a point about what constitutes a competent ruler. He mentions this in Chapter Eighteen: How Rulers Are to Keep Their Word.   As he states, â€Å"Everybody recognizes how praiseworthy it is for a ruler to keep his world and to live a life of integrity, without relying on craftiness.   Nevertheless, we see that in practice†¦ those rulers who have not thought it important to keep their word have achieved great things†¦Ã¢â‚¬  For this reason, Machiavelli believes it important to be able to rule and fight in two ways.   The first, the way men fight; by the rules.   The second is the way animals fight; no holds barred.   â€Å"Because you cannot always win when you respect the rules, you must be prepared to break them.   A ruler needs to know how to be both an animal and a man.† In Machiavelli’s view, because a ruler must at times display â€Å"beastly† qualities, it is important to know how to act like specific animals, namely, a lion and a fox.   The lion is powerful, and runs over his enemies with great mite, but has the disadvantage of not being able to avoid traps.   The fox, on the other hand, has the cunning to avoid those traps.   So it is important for the ruler to be able to act like both animals and to know when the situation calls for either brute strength, or quiet cunning. Although many people often make fun of the President, regarding him as not too bright, he did sell a war to the American people and the world based on lies.   As recently reported by Reuters, the White House had been informed by the CIA six months previous to the invasion of Iraq that there were no weapons of mass destruction.   This, along with countless other officials and documents have shown that the Bush administration knew what all of us know now; that Iraq was in no way the threat they were perceived to be. Of course, there was no way for him at the time to know that the world would find out that he was not telling to truth and if there was, maybe he would not have used the rationale of weapons of mass destruction but found another way to get enough support to invade Iraq.   Nevertheless, he was cunning enough to know when to use fear and manipulation to rally the people behind him and achieved his aims with the help of many countries. In Machiavelli’s time, there would not have been governmental leaks to the extent that we have today, and anyone courageous enough to speak out about ruling governments were more than likely going to be killed.   If Bush were ruling with circumstances similar to what they were in Italy in the time of Machiavelli, perhaps he would have been more successful. However, now that Bush finds himself in the position that he is in, the question could be asked what advice might Machiavelli give to our President.   The answer to this question lies in chapter five of The Prince: How You Should Govern Cities or Kingdoms That, Before You Acquired Them, Lived Under Their Own Laws.   As Machiavelli explains, â€Å"When the states one acquires by conquest are accustomed to living under their own laws and in freedom, there are three policies one can follow in order to hold on to them.†Ã‚   Although it could be debated whether Iraq was â€Å"free† the overall meaning of Machiavelli still applies. â€Å"The first is to lay them to waste.†Ã‚   With the advent of the international criminal court and the necessity of keeping the peace and favor of ones allies, President Bush could not view this first option as possible.   â€Å"The second is to go and live there in person.†Ã‚   I highly doubt President Bush has, or ever will consider such a measure. And, â€Å"The third is to let them continue to live under their own laws, make them pay you, and create there an administrative and political elite who will remain loyal to you.† This third option is the one the Bush administration is following.   Ã‚  Although the Iraqi’s are not paying taxes directly to the United States, once the infrastructure gets up and running again, I am certain we will take our payment in the form of oil. If someone from old Italy were familiar with Machiavelli and his works and were alive today, they would see much Machiavellian inspiration in the governmental tactics of the Bush administration.   Whether President Bush is aware of it or not, he is giving us a first hand account of what happens when Machiavellian principles are followed.   The interesting fact is that it seems these principles would only work today if the circumstances were just right. Nevertheless, many of Bush’s detractors would probably like to see him carry certain of Machiavelli’s ideas to a different level, namely the second option of ruling a newly acquired kingdom; move there. Works Cited Iraq. Retrieved April 22, 2006, from Wikipedia Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq Reuters, (2006, April 22). CIA Warned Bush of No Weapons in Iraq. Retrieved April 22, 2006 Wootton, David (Ed.). (1995). The Prince. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company.

Jerusalem A City of Three Faiths

Jerusalem, the city of the three faiths. Jerusalem founded in between 4500-3500 BCC has become a center of the three major monotheistic faiths in the world, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Rising from a proto-Cantle village to a city that has had crusades and Jihads launched In Its name has truly been an amazing turn of events. How did It happen? Why Is It Important? Why here and not elsewhere? What makes people so driven to capture Jerusalem? Why has It been captured and recaptured no less than forty four times? Questions that have great difficulty to be answered often times yield the most interesting answers.Jerusalem has been beckoning those of the three major monotheistic faiths to come and seek her since all three faiths inceptions, The City of David, The City of Jesus and the place where the prophet Muhammad ascended to Heaven can be seen as truly a focal point of the World's religions, though it is in a relatively isolated area in the Eleven. Jerusalem has been a center of r eligious fervor almost since it's inception, it has perhaps been this way due to its almost geocentric position in accordance with the empires of the world. At first glance, Jerusalem on a geographic level seems to have very little owing for It.In a region of relatively little rainfall and with an elevation of approximately 2500 feet It Is difficult to move water Into the city. The forests that were once around Jerusalem have been devastated by wars. Overall, It does seem to indeed have very little actually going for it in the geographic sense. The majority of Jerusalem allure might be seen to have come from the location and the centrality in world politics that it has had. Perhaps the main reason that it has been such a religious center since its inception is not due to the geography of the region at all but it's location. Jerusalem is located in the center of the Eleven.The Eleven is located at a prime position to be a part of quite a few empires. The Babylonians, Persians, Eclect ics, Romans, and the Ptolemaic peoples laid claim toastmaster at some point during the Biblical time frame. The Byzantine, Muslim, Turk, French and British empires have also led claim to it since then as well. Jerusalem has been fought over so many times that It has been fully destroyed and rebuilt twice. Being In a prime location has surely helped Jerusalem be a city of all three major monotheistic faiths, f one looks at the original monotheistic faith, one might see this in practice.With the Jewish faith, one sees a people that came from the legendary figure Abraham who purportedly gave a figure named Milkweed a tithing of his possessions. Moses, another patriarchal figure of the Jewish faith desired to lead his followers into the promise land. This promise land was none other than Canaan, the land in which Jerusalem is located. After the conquest of Jerusalem, David made it his capital and following the building of the Temple by Solomon, it became the capital of the Jewish Faith. With being the Political capital, there surely was some incentive to be the religious capital as well. When It comes to the Christian faith, It Is one of the two holiest clues In Christianity. Rome and Jerusalem are these two holiest cycles in the Christian faith. Jerusalem was the orally of the Christian faith and has always been the epicenter of protestant faith. Catholicism associates Rome as Its faiths epicenter. Other cities also exhibit importance in various churches as well. Jerusalem journeys of Jesus are centered around Jerusalem.With all of this writing based round Jerusalem, there was absolutely no reason for it not to be one of the primary centers of the Christian faith. When it comes to Jerusalem and the Muslim faith, it is the third holiest city of their faith behind Mecca and Medina. Jerusalem is the location where the prophet Muhammad allegedly ascended to Heaven. The Dome of the Rock is located on top of where the prophet Muhammad allegedly ascended to Heaven. Due t o this fact, several Jihads have been launched in the name of reclaiming Jerusalem for Islam. Jerusalem is definitely a holy city by any measure of the word.The three major monotheistic faiths have claimed Jerusalem among their holy cities since each of their inceptions. The reasons that they have claimed it originally were not strictly and completely religious. Some of the claims over Jerusalem have been due to its central location. Because of this central location, the propensity for historical events to occur there has greatly increased. One could also argue that from a religious perspective, like the formerly pagan Pantheon, that some cultures find sites that do have something truly special about them and other cultures come and build upon this belief.

What the future MBA program really needs Essay Example

What the future MBA program really needs Essay Example What the future MBA program really needs Essay What the future MBA program really needs Essay The Dean of Haas School of Business at the University in California, Richard Lyons, predicts that in the near future, in the next 5 or 10 years, business schools will face running out of business because of the huge number of online business programs. The advancements of the technology are increasing and this will transform the business workforce. Everyone predicts that many workplaces might be replaced by new, modern robots and some modern machines made by the Artificial Intelligence agencies. This means that the number of human workforce will be decreased. One recent study made by professors from the Oxford University showed that around 47% of the employees in the US are at really high risk of losing their jobs by the technology inventions. Around 19% can find themselves at a medium risk. This gives a number of 66% of the US employees being at a low or a high risk of losing their job and being replaced by technology. The study also shows that if this happens, the activities in which humans will remain being better than the machines, will be ones including moral judgment, social and emotional intelligence, innovative thinking, critical complex thinking and a lot of creativity. Knowing this will happen in the near future, academics ask themselves whether the MBA programs offer enough developing activities and teaching skills. The teaching and learning of emotional and cognitive skills is hard. Neuroscience researches, researches in psychology of education and behavioural economics have shown that people are not born naturally as innovative and critical thinkers. People are only reflexive, efficient and fast thinkers. Many of the MBA programs miss the teaching of gaining social and emotional intelligence. This development of the MBA candidate to think and act critically and cognitively will make the students to develop emotions, empathy, mindfulness and humility. These skills are not received by birth, these skills need to be learned. This means the student will have to make a great effort, do a lot of hard work, mentoring hours and a huge developmental action. These requirements will probably need big innovations in the MBA programs. Since this is true, indeed, then the MBA programs in the future will get a lot of changes and transformations. Most probably, the usual MBA programs will receive more transformations than the online MBA programs, but still, the MBA business programs will definitely be changed.

Free Essays on A Government By The People

A Government By the People†¦Well, Sorta Daniel Webster in his most famous speech before the Senate once said, â€Å"I hope I shall not see written, as its motto, first Liberty, and then Union. I hope I shall see spread all over it, blazoned in letters of light and proudly floating over Land and Sea that other sentiment dear to my heart, ‘Union and Liberty, now and forever, one and inseparable!† This quote was one of the prime reasons in 1830 the West and South did not succeed from the Union. It meant that the government should not give the governed too much liberty that it threatens the stability of the Union. Webster’s speech can be exemplified throughout the body of the United States of America’s system of government. From the written document that is the constitution to each intricate part that makes the government run, there is stability and presence of unity. The chapter entitled, The Desks of the Senate, emphasizes that the Framers of the Constitution and government took Webster’s ideas into consideration when c. They wanted to build a strong government for the people and by the people. â€Å"These creators of a government of the people feared not only the people’s rulers but the people themselves, the people in their number, the people in their passions,† they wished to do this with a balance betwixt the people and the government and within the government itself. No one part of the government is given absolute power. Furthermore, the people are not given absolute power either: â€Å"So the Framers wanted to check and restrain not only the people’s rulers, but the people.† It was James Madison who introduced the idea of the Mischief’s of Faction. Where he said that people would ultimately divide themselves up into groups of similar interests and decide on how government should be run. He proposed that if this were allowed to happen without any restraints there would ultimately be chaos. The Framer... Free Essays on A Government By The People Free Essays on A Government By The People A Government By the People†¦Well, Sorta Daniel Webster in his most famous speech before the Senate once said, â€Å"I hope I shall not see written, as its motto, first Liberty, and then Union. I hope I shall see spread all over it, blazoned in letters of light and proudly floating over Land and Sea that other sentiment dear to my heart, ‘Union and Liberty, now and forever, one and inseparable!† This quote was one of the prime reasons in 1830 the West and South did not succeed from the Union. It meant that the government should not give the governed too much liberty that it threatens the stability of the Union. Webster’s speech can be exemplified throughout the body of the United States of America’s system of government. From the written document that is the constitution to each intricate part that makes the government run, there is stability and presence of unity. The chapter entitled, The Desks of the Senate, emphasizes that the Framers of the Constitution and government took Webster’s ideas into consideration when c. They wanted to build a strong government for the people and by the people. â€Å"These creators of a government of the people feared not only the people’s rulers but the people themselves, the people in their number, the people in their passions,† they wished to do this with a balance betwixt the people and the government and within the government itself. No one part of the government is given absolute power. Furthermore, the people are not given absolute power either: â€Å"So the Framers wanted to check and restrain not only the people’s rulers, but the people.† It was James Madison who introduced the idea of the Mischief’s of Faction. Where he said that people would ultimately divide themselves up into groups of similar interests and decide on how government should be run. He proposed that if this were allowed to happen without any restraints there would ultimately be chaos. The Framer...

A Brief Look at Italian History

A Brief Look at Italian History The history of Italy is characterized by two periods of unity- the Roman Empire (27 BCE–476 CE) and the modern democratic republic formed after the end of World War II. Between those two periods may have been a millennium and a half of division and disruption, but that disruption saw one of the worlds great flowering of art, the Renaissance (circa 1400–1600 CE). Italy, sitting in southwestern Europe, is comprised largely of a boot-shaped peninsula that extends out into the Mediterranean, as well as a region on the core landmass of the continent. It is bordered by Switzerland and Austria to the north, Slovenia and the Adriatic Sea to the east, France and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, and the Ionian Sea and the Mediterranean to the south. Italy also includes the islands of Sicily and Sardinia. Roman Empire Between the sixth to third centuries BCE, the Italian city of Rome conquered Peninsular Italy; over the next few centuries, this empire spread to dominate the Mediterranean and Western Europe. The Roman Empire would go on to define much of Europes history, leaving a mark on culture and society that outlasted the military and political machinations of its leadership. After the Italian part of the Roman Empire declined and â€Å"fell† in the fifth century (an event no one at the time realized was so significant), Italy was the target of several invasions. The previously united region broke apart into several smaller bodies, including the Papal States, governed by the Catholic Pope. Renaissance and the Kingdom of Italy By the eighth and ninth centuries, a number of powerful and trading-oriented city-states emerged, including Florence, Venice, and Genoa; these were the forces that incubated the Renaissance. Italy and its smaller states also went through stages of foreign domination. These smaller states were the fertile grounds of the Renaissance, which changed Europe massively once more and owed a lot to the competing states trying to outspend each other on glorious art and architecture. Unification and independence movements throughout Italy developed ever stronger voices in the 19th century after Napoleon created the short-lived Kingdom of Italy. A war between Austria and France in 1859 allowed several small states to merge with Piedmont; a tipping point had been reached and the Kingdom of Italy was formed in 1861, growing by 1870- when the Papal States joined- to cover almost all of what we now call Italy. Mussolini and Modern Italy The Kingdom of Italy was subverted when Mussolini took power as a fascist dictator, and although he was initially skeptical of German dictator Adolf Hitler, Mussolini took Italy into World War II rather than risk losing out on what he perceived as a land grab. That choice caused his downfall. Modern Italy is now a democratic republic and has been since the modern constitution came into effect in 1948. This followed a referendum in 1946, which voted to abolish the previous monarchy by 12.7 million to 10.7 million votes. Key Rulers Julius Caesar c. 100 BCE–44 BCE A great general and statesman, Julius Caesar won a civil war to become both sole ruler of the extensive Roman domains and dictator for life, setting in motion a process of transformation that led to the creation of the Roman Empire. He was assassinated by enemies and is arguably the most famous ancient Roman. Giuseppe Garibaldi 1807–1882 After exile in South America, forced upon him because of his role in an attempted republican revolution, Guiseppi Garibaldi commanded forces in several Italian conflicts of the 19th century. He played an important role in Italian unification when he and his volunteer army of â€Å"Redshirts† captured Sicily and Naples and allowed them to join the Kingdom of Italy. Although Garibaldi fell out with the new king, in 1862, he was offered a command in the U.S. Civil War by President Abraham Lincoln. That never occurred because Lincoln wouldnt agree to abolish slavery at that early date. Benito Mussolini 1883–1945 Mussolini became the youngest-ever prime minister of Italy in 1922, using his fascist organization of â€Å"Blackshirts† to propel him to power. He transformed the office into a dictatorship and allied with Hitler’s Germany, but was forced to flee when World War II turned Italy against him. He was captured and executed.

Political Economy and Economics Research Proposal

Political Economy and Economics - Research Proposal Example The term political economy is used in yet a third sense. â€Å"It is the name of the science, which treats of this nation-wide complexus of economic activities.† (Knight, 2005) The subject matter of political economy: Political economy studies the laws, which cover the functions of production and exchange of material means. Both important functions constitute. Production is an independent function but the exchange is dependent on production since exchange can only be done of products. Although the external influences affect both of the two functions but in order to put up with these external influences both the functions have their own laws. Production and exchange are the major activities, which constitutes the economics curve. The circumstances affecting these two functions can be different in different countries. The difference in time span in which both of these functions are practiced can also change the notion of political economy. â€Å"Political Economy belongs to no nation; it is of no country: it is the science of the rules for the production, the accumulation, the distribution, and the consumption of wealth. It will assert itself whether you wish it or not. It is founded on the attributes of the human mind, and no power can change it.† (Speech on the Irish bill, 1870)

Strategic Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Project - Essay Example Finally, after analyzing the necessary secondary information, we have concluded that the company should go for value added prompt service offerings and globalization strategy through strategic alliance with foreign company. In case of any organization it is very important to follow a good strategy as the success of any organization depends upon how effectively the management works on that. Now there are few parameters on the basis of which analysis has to be conducted and then the strategies of the managements are to be determined. Those are discussed below- The first and the foremost factor that is needed to be analyzed is the analysis of the industry environment. The industry in which the business lays it is very important to analyze its core factors and its changes what are happening in current time. S.W.O.T analysis is that type of environmental analysis which helps in determining the strategies of any company by analyzing the internal strengths and weaknesses as well as the external factors like opportunities in the industry and the threat existing in the form of competitors. According to the given guidance for analyzing any particular company’s management strategy the oil industry has been selected of UAE. The reason why this particular industry has been considered is Oilindustry is counted as the most lucrative industry in the present scenario of the business world. The few items which have the power to influence the economy of the entire world among them the crude oil comes first. Among this industry The Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) has been selected for analyzing the management strategies of it. The company was started in 1971 and since then till now ithas established itself in the top ten positions in the industry. At present the company manages to produce more than 2.7 barrels of oil per day. In the last three decades this particular company has expanded its business so

Information Technology Outsourcing in Airlines Essay

Information Technology Outsourcing in Airlines - Essay Example The changing IT environment at overseas branches and operations of firms has such a big impact on the IT related decision making process. Airlines have increasingly been attracted to IT outsourcing companies mostly based in India. Airlines can be regarded as institutions that strive to provide their customers with safety and service quality by making use of certain kinds of IT in their activities. While big airlines have been making use of IT as the main investment related strategic policy alternative, smaller airlines like budget airlines too have been making use of it in order to achieve positive synergies in IT. However while the former have been able to increase their net investment expenditure on IT on a larger scale, the latter have only been able to increase IT related investment on a smaller scale. As a result a clear dichotomy between the two entities can be noticed. Larger airlines have adopted growth oriented information and communication technology (ICT) policy measures primarily with the intention of enhancing growth drivers such as merger and acquisition (M&A) related synergies while smaller organizations have basically relied on capturing niche market segments. IT outsourcing theories are many in number though very few of them successfully capture the essence of the growth pattern of this industry. The impact of IT outsourcing on global airlines has attracted the attention of many researchers and analysts. Particularly in modern industry situations such strategies have become more relevant against the backdrop of rapid competitive and changing environment. The available literature on the impact of IT outsourcing on airlines' corporate strategies suggests different analytical and conceptual frameworks based on modern IT investment programs that are already being put into practice at some big airlines across the world. As the available literature on the subject suggests there is a substantial amount of empirical evidence to support the ICT related operations and their positive impact on growth drivers such as revenues, profits, market share, share price and integration across a number of market segments without truncation at airlines (Glaser, 2002). Independent analysts have identified three forces that determine the ultimate growth prospects of companies. (a). Differences in the local business environmentThe application of processes and procedures in identifying differences in the local business environment is connected with the overall global business strategy of the firm. ICT is a single aspect of this global strategy. If the firm were unable to identify and isolate the important elements in the global operational environment, there would be much less of an opportunity for the

Can Compatibilism be Defended Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Can Compatibilism be Defended - Essay Example However, the reality may not necessarily lie in line with the compatibilist’s line of argument. Most philosophers before this point have attempted to deal with compatibilism using their own customised definitions of free will and determinism. For example, Peter van Inwagen uses his own definitions (Van Inwagen & Zimmerman, 1998) while Narverson accepts them and bends them during his subsequent reply. (Naverson, 1977) Similarly the definitions of Robert Kane, Strawson, and Campbell will differ largely with those of older philosophers such as Humes. (Kane, 1996) (Campbell, 1957) (Bok, 1998) Most of these definitions have only intensified the problem rather than solving it in any form. If the classical definitions of free will and determinism are used, the issue of compatibilism can be solved with much greater ease. I will attempt to define compatibilism using simple definitions of free will and determinism and will then proceed to exposing weaknesses in the compatibilist line of argument. The compatibilist is simply a proponent of the idea that free will and determinism are compatible ideas. This implies that both lines of argument can be conceded to without being logically inconsistent. (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2009) In order to create an association between free will and determinism, certain very â€Å"hard to digest† definitions have been provided. ... It is not as if this simple definition is not comprehensive enough. Consider for example a very common scenario. I cannot coerce a person to commit any actions against his free will such as I cannot do anything in my power right now to say move your hand unless you wish to move your hand. You will only move your hand when you feel obliged to do so for whatever your free will demands of you. The general view includes coercive behaviour such as rape, imprisonment and the like to define free will which I believe is not totally justified. A person being raped may be coerced to perform under threat but that is merely usurpation of their free will. Such a person always has the choice of fighting back no matter what the outcome. This choice to fight back is again a constitution of free will. In a sense, human free will is like a skill one can master. Certain people have far more control over their actions because they allow their free will to do so. On the other hand most people have little control over their actions especially when they are emotionally charged such as when angry, excited or in pain because they choose not to control their behaviour in these scenarios. Just as human beings possess different characteristics, it cannot be expected of them to possess the same degrees of free will too. Doing so would serve as a major error in dealing with human free will. Hence as per the libertarian’s views, human free will allows each of us to do as we want to do, when we want to do and how we want to do. Others would argue that man is not free to do as he pleases in society and hence society controls or determines man’s free will. However, there is little to support their argument that falls on itself paradoxically.

Research paper on diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research paper on diabetes - Essay Example A number of major findings also contributed much to the contemporary knowledge of diabetes: taking out the pancreas will result in diabetes; the pancreas generates insulin in Langerhans’s group of cells; and giving insulin to a diabetic person is effectual medication (Pompei 39). The Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1923 was given to Banting and Best for their development of insulin and provision of insulin treatment to a teenager suffering from diabetes. It is now known that diabetes mellitus can be the outcome of lack of insulin, damaged insulin production, or resistance to the effect of insulin (Bertera 33). This knowledge was supported and enhanced by advancements in the capacity to measure levels of insulin in the mid-20th century. Some individuals with diabetes mellitus lack quantifiable insulin, whereas others, in spite of sufficient secretion of insulin, either do not produce it in a way that sustains normal physiological processes, or have organs unresponsive to its impact (Bertera 33). Nowadays it is known that a number of pathogenic mechanisms can lead to diabetes and that there is a vital connection between an individual’s genetic composition and environmental forces. Diabetes mellitus is a set of metabolic illnesses typified by high amounts of blood sugar because of defects in the secretion of insulin, insulin functioning, or both. ... Since the illness could be asymptomatic for a number of years, it is approximated that numerous older people with diabetes are not aware of their disease (Pompei 40). The commonness of this illness differs with ethnicity and racial affiliation. Hispanic whites and Hispanic blacks are roughly 1.8 times more prone to have diabetes than non-Hispanic whites (Pompei 40-41). In spite of an extended asymptomatic duration, diabetes is a severe illness related to reduced life expectancy and considerable morbidity. The kind of diabetes usually impinging on older adults is related to a rate of mortality almost twice that of individuals without this illness and a decade shorter life expectancy (Bertera 35). Inadequately regulated diabetes can be the source of dangerous deterioration in an older individual and is manifested by functional disability, muscle impairment, loss of weight, and fatigue. More permanent complications of this disease involve neuropathies, kidney failure, and poor eyesight. The prevalence of kidney disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease is intensified, and the possibility of complete loss of eyesight is heightened roughly by 40% in older adults with diabetes (Bertera 35-36). Diabetes is one of the major serious illnesses, and hence one of the major public health concerns nowadays, and its overwhelming estimated growth is mostly because of the aging of the population alongside industrialization, urbanization, and the obesity outbreak. In the 1970s, the National Diabetes Prevention and Control Program was formed to advance education, raise awareness, and regulate and prevent complications by circulating empirical knowledge (Pompei 42). Findings from empirical research are being analyzed and disseminated on a regular

Qatar Airways Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Qatar Airways - Assignment Example Allocation of marketing budgets have been recommended. Marketing is no more a mere functional discipline but for most managers it now centers on identifying and satisfying customer requirements (Hooley, Piercy & Nicouland, 2009, p3). Recent challenges to marketing functions from sources as diverse as McKinsey Consultants make it imperative that marketing reflects new development and market opportunities. The effectiveness of marketing is ascertained based on how effectively a marketer is able to reach out to customers and fulfill customer needs and expectations better than competitors. Airlines too have been competing against each other through different marketing techniques. Qatar Airways, the flag carrier of the state of Qatar, headquartered in Doha-Qatar Airways Tower, was found on 22nd November, 1993 (Qatar Airways Fact Sheet, 2012). Qatar Airways is one of the few international airlines that are able to reach over 133 destinations worldwide like Africa, Middle East, South Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Far East and Oceania with a fleet exceeding 128 aircrafts (Qatar Airways, 2013). The airline operates a hub-and-spoke network linking over 100 international destinations from its base in Doha. Offering of First Class, Business Class and Economy Class services, supported with in-flight entertainment and superb first class service for all classes, have led Qatar Airways to be ranked as one of the few airlines in the world to achieve the 5-star rating. Qatar Airways has an internet booking engine but apart from that it now allows free download of mobile app on to any smart phone for greater convenience. This mobile app enables smart check-in for flights, fare finder, flight status information, global contact information and offers numerous payment options (Qatar Airways, 2013a). They offer the lowest fare finder facility

Research paper on diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research paper on diabetes - Essay Example A number of major findings also contributed much to the contemporary knowledge of diabetes: taking out the pancreas will result in diabetes; the pancreas generates insulin in Langerhans’s group of cells; and giving insulin to a diabetic person is effectual medication (Pompei 39). The Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1923 was given to Banting and Best for their development of insulin and provision of insulin treatment to a teenager suffering from diabetes. It is now known that diabetes mellitus can be the outcome of lack of insulin, damaged insulin production, or resistance to the effect of insulin (Bertera 33). This knowledge was supported and enhanced by advancements in the capacity to measure levels of insulin in the mid-20th century. Some individuals with diabetes mellitus lack quantifiable insulin, whereas others, in spite of sufficient secretion of insulin, either do not produce it in a way that sustains normal physiological processes, or have organs unresponsive to its impact (Bertera 33). Nowadays it is known that a number of pathogenic mechanisms can lead to diabetes and that there is a vital connection between an individual’s genetic composition and environmental forces. Diabetes mellitus is a set of metabolic illnesses typified by high amounts of blood sugar because of defects in the secretion of insulin, insulin functioning, or both. ... Since the illness could be asymptomatic for a number of years, it is approximated that numerous older people with diabetes are not aware of their disease (Pompei 40). The commonness of this illness differs with ethnicity and racial affiliation. Hispanic whites and Hispanic blacks are roughly 1.8 times more prone to have diabetes than non-Hispanic whites (Pompei 40-41). In spite of an extended asymptomatic duration, diabetes is a severe illness related to reduced life expectancy and considerable morbidity. The kind of diabetes usually impinging on older adults is related to a rate of mortality almost twice that of individuals without this illness and a decade shorter life expectancy (Bertera 35). Inadequately regulated diabetes can be the source of dangerous deterioration in an older individual and is manifested by functional disability, muscle impairment, loss of weight, and fatigue. More permanent complications of this disease involve neuropathies, kidney failure, and poor eyesight. The prevalence of kidney disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease is intensified, and the possibility of complete loss of eyesight is heightened roughly by 40% in older adults with diabetes (Bertera 35-36). Diabetes is one of the major serious illnesses, and hence one of the major public health concerns nowadays, and its overwhelming estimated growth is mostly because of the aging of the population alongside industrialization, urbanization, and the obesity outbreak. In the 1970s, the National Diabetes Prevention and Control Program was formed to advance education, raise awareness, and regulate and prevent complications by circulating empirical knowledge (Pompei 42). Findings from empirical research are being analyzed and disseminated on a regular

Decide by yourself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decide by yourself - Essay Example This is evident in the calls that concerned individuals and private institutions, foundations and sectors that address anti-racism and anti-discrimination in the national and international setting. The book "Myne Owne Ground" showed, racism was once blatant in the US. Slavery, especially in Virginia was all highly visible manifestations of racism committed with the sanction or even active participation of the authorities. Although overt manifestations of racism today would be unacceptable to the majority of US citizens, the country is still struggling with ongoing racial and ethnic divisions . (Vaughan, 1995) Major steps taken over the past 50 years to end institutionalized racism have not eliminated the inequalities which many members of racial minorities continue to face in daily life. The black-white divide on racial matters is one of the most profound and enduring in American society. For decades, public opinion polls have shown that blacks and whites differ fundamentally as to what constitutes the race problem, how severe it is, and what to do about it. The segregation and discrimination of the black urban community is the result of politics and economy in the mainstream history of the United States. Millions of Africans were brought to the Americas and traded there as slaves (Vaughan, 1995). This mass movement of people led to a new social and economic system; with the color of the skin as a determining factor whether one would live as a slave or as a free citizen. By the 1640s and 1650s, England thus had five substantial areas of overseas settlements--the Irish plantations of Ulster and Munster; the Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland; Bermuda; the New England colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Haven; and the West Indian colonies of Barbados and the Leeward Islands. The predominantly English people who went to these areas all intended to one degree or another for the new societies they were creating to be fundamentally and recognizably English. Yet the new research into the cultural dynamics and socioeconomic and demographic configurations of the two major centers of English settlement on the North American continent has made it clearer than ever before that during these early years of settlement the Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland differed profoundly from the principal New England colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut. Indeed, it would be difficult to imagine how any two f ragments from the same metropolitan culture could have been any more different (Vaughan, 1995). About the only characteristics they had in common were their ethnic homogeneity, their ruralness, their primitive material conditions, their remoteness from England, and, after their first few years, an abundant local food supply. In virtually every other respect, they seem to have been diametric opposites. Along with the strong cohesive force exerted by the church, village, family, schools, and visible and authoritative leadership structures that characterized the New England villages, the absence of exceptional economic opportunities inhibited the urge to scatter that was so powerful among the settlers in the Chesapeake (Vaughan, 1995). T

Role of the Judiciary in Democracy

Role of the Judiciary in Democracy In a liberal democratic state, the judiciary has four main responsibilities including formulating the rule of law through the interpretation and application of law to respond with a verdict, settling disputes, checking legality and being a player in state politics. To accomplish these four duties, the basic principles of a liberal democratic state must be upheld along with the principles of a legal democracy and state. The judiciary also has to interpret and apply the law along with the constitution, and to provide impartial adjudications of disputes between the state and individuals, between individuals, and between different levels of government within the state. The reliance on the courts and on judicial means for addressing core moral dilemmas, political controversies and public policy questions is arguably one of the most consequential phenomena of the late twentieth and early twentieth century government. Equipped with newly attained judicial review, national high courts worldwide have been frequently asked to resolve a range of issues, varying from the scope of expression and religious liberties, reproductive and privacy freedoms, equality rights, to public policies pertaining to criminal justice, education, labour, and environmental protection. The increasing political importance of courts has not only become more globally widespread than ever before but it has also extended its scope to become a manifold, multifaceted phenomenon that distends well beyond the now standard concept of judge made policy-making. The basic law of the Irish State is the Constitution of Ireland adopted by referendum in 1937 replacing the Constitution of the Irish Free State (1922). The Constitution is the canopy under which justice is administered and legal rights enforced in courts established by law. The Constitution delineates a separation of powers among the organs of State, executive, legislative and judicial. It guarantees the judicial protection of fundamental rights and also due process in the administrative and judicial spheres. It may be invoked by individuals to challenge the constitutionality of laws passed by the Oireachtas and to seek redress for breach of constitutional rights. Subject to the Constitution the legal system is based on the common law tradition. (1) The judiciaries role in the community is manifested not only in what judges do but also in the way that they do it. This is called the judicial style. There is an evident difference between the style of judges in civil law jurisdictions and the style of judges in common law traditions. In recent times there has been an insistence upon satisfactory accountability of all the institutions within the government, which needs to be reconciled with the principles of independence, has to be addressed and accepted. A lot of the publics money is invested in courts, and the people are entitled to expect that the work of individual judges is done efficiently, as well as fairly, deliver their judgements in a relatively prompt manner and will manage cases with due regard to consideration of economy. To achieve the characteristics of a judiciary, developed democracies have relied on the culture of the judiciary. When judges enter office they swear to uphold the rights of all citizens and the constitution, self integrity, peer pressure, and public scrutiny combine to make judges, at least at the highest level, to abide by their oath. By setting these standards for promotion, they can help harbour the same behaviour in their future peers and at lower levels. The duty of fairness and the principles of natural justice have been established by the courts through judicial review focus on the vital issue whether, in all circumstances, the procedure followed in a particular case was fair. The transparency and open process of decision-making that have been structured through judicial review are one of the safeguards in achieving an acceptable equilibrium between the countrys need for security and the rights and freedoms of its citizens. A multi-dimensional approach is needed to successful ly deal with this challenge. Judges will continue to rely upon the insights and wisdom of the legal community. The input from a variety of disciplines is however also essential. Community and government workers, academics, social scientists and policy makers can assist the judiciary in attaining more complete perspective. There is a need to strive for the intricate and complex balance which will foster the growth and development of rational and sound principles under the new legislation. Legislature also has to recognize that it cannot exert influence over the workings of the court and selection of its personnel since it is a party to many disputes between citizens and their representatives that the judiciary has to resolve. Legislature, for example, has to acknowledge that its purpose is to represent citizens and operate within the structures based on rules defined by the constitution. Representation does not mean unchallenged power. The judiciary protects the citizens should their duly elected representatives in the legislature choose to undertake such actions that violate constitutional rights of anyone in the society. The involvement of other branches of government in workings of the court should be as limited as is possible. In instances where any rule is deemed unsuitable constitution also delineates the process of amending the constitution. The judiciaries role in formulating or applying policy is a subject that has associations extending well beyond judicial review of administrative decisions. When policy formation is thought of as being part of the judicial function it is important that it is comprehensible as to what is being said to be going on, and how the judicial method is related to it, the judicial role and the judicial capacity. While there is a development in common law, as a response to changing needs as well as appropriate pressure for rationalisation, there is an accountability for such development by judges to follow the wisdom of laws in the constitution and proposed change. They accomplish this within the propensities of their own discipline. Another matter worth weighing might be the changing attitude of the legal profession, and others, towards the use of litigation as a technique for achieving political and social objectives. We have long been accustomed to the use of litigation as a weapon in corporate and commercial rivalry, but we are seeing an upsurge in what might be described as the politically and socially aggressive use of litigation. This has also resulted in a change in the character of the work coming before some courts, and has a significant effect on the way in which courts appear to the public to behave. (2) As a democratic society, we have witnessed momentous changes in the relationship between individuals and the state. The judiciary possesses the knowledge and experience to make tremendous contributions to the maintenance and continuing evolution of our democratic society. The role of the courts as resolver of disputes, interpreter of the law and defender of the Constitution, requires that they be completely separate in authority and function from all other participants in the justice system. Bibliography Ejn.net Jca.asn.au/attachments/Gleeson.html

The Physics of a Quality Espresso Essay -- Process Physics Essays

The Physics of a Quality Espresso There are many ways to get a good cup of coffee—through perculators, gravity systems, and steeping fresh gounds. However, espresso, which is usually considered a finer beverage, is made by taking about two ounces of espresso grind (ground arabica beans) packed tightly into the head of an espresso machine, and submitting it to high pressured hot water. An espresso machine is designed to force a small amout of water through tightly packed, finely ground coffee. The idea is to pull the best flavored and most consistent espresso from the espresso blend. In order to achieve quality espresso certain physical processes have to take place—namely the passage of pressurized water through the espresso grind, heat transfer, and correct packing of espresso into the head of an espresso machine. Acording to Gourmet Retailer, a monthly publication devoted to gourmet foods and services, the right amount of pressure is required to make a quality espresso: â€Å"To create the perfect crema [espresso], the actual pressure should be between nine and eleven atm (or bar) when the hot water passes through the coffee† (52). Now, the actual pressure capacity of an espresso machine is usually out of the users control, but an explination of the physical concepts may be the first step in defining a quality espresso. In Physics a World View, Larry D. Kirkpatrick and Gereld F. Wheeler write: â€Å"Pressure is the force exerted on a surface divided by the area of the surface—that is, the force per unit area† (171). P = F / A This defeniton applies to gases, liquids, and solids. In the case of pressurized water in an espresso machine, for instance, if the water had thirty newtons of force and the espresso grind had... ...e and bitterness is pulled from the espresso. As I have shown, there are three major physical concepts surrounding a quality espresso. When the espresso machine has the correct pressure quantity (between nine and eleven bar), and the water is hot enough, you can get a quality espresso. But remember, if the barista running the machine has no concept of this, or really hasn’t had a lot of experience making gourmet coffee, then the espresso may not turn out as you like. A good espresso pack in the head of the machine is required for an excellent espresso. Works Cited â€Å"Coffee Centers & Espresso Machines.† Gourmet Retailer Feb. 2003: 52. Schomer, David C. Espresso Coffee: Professional Techniques. New York: Peanut Butter Publishing, 1996. 37. Kirkpatrick, Larry D. and Gerald F. Wheeler. Physics a World View. Orlando: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001. 171. The Physics of a Quality Espresso Essay -- Process Physics Essays The Physics of a Quality Espresso There are many ways to get a good cup of coffee—through perculators, gravity systems, and steeping fresh gounds. However, espresso, which is usually considered a finer beverage, is made by taking about two ounces of espresso grind (ground arabica beans) packed tightly into the head of an espresso machine, and submitting it to high pressured hot water. An espresso machine is designed to force a small amout of water through tightly packed, finely ground coffee. The idea is to pull the best flavored and most consistent espresso from the espresso blend. In order to achieve quality espresso certain physical processes have to take place—namely the passage of pressurized water through the espresso grind, heat transfer, and correct packing of espresso into the head of an espresso machine. Acording to Gourmet Retailer, a monthly publication devoted to gourmet foods and services, the right amount of pressure is required to make a quality espresso: â€Å"To create the perfect crema [espresso], the actual pressure should be between nine and eleven atm (or bar) when the hot water passes through the coffee† (52). Now, the actual pressure capacity of an espresso machine is usually out of the users control, but an explination of the physical concepts may be the first step in defining a quality espresso. In Physics a World View, Larry D. Kirkpatrick and Gereld F. Wheeler write: â€Å"Pressure is the force exerted on a surface divided by the area of the surface—that is, the force per unit area† (171). P = F / A This defeniton applies to gases, liquids, and solids. In the case of pressurized water in an espresso machine, for instance, if the water had thirty newtons of force and the espresso grind had... ...e and bitterness is pulled from the espresso. As I have shown, there are three major physical concepts surrounding a quality espresso. When the espresso machine has the correct pressure quantity (between nine and eleven bar), and the water is hot enough, you can get a quality espresso. But remember, if the barista running the machine has no concept of this, or really hasn’t had a lot of experience making gourmet coffee, then the espresso may not turn out as you like. A good espresso pack in the head of the machine is required for an excellent espresso. Works Cited â€Å"Coffee Centers & Espresso Machines.† Gourmet Retailer Feb. 2003: 52. Schomer, David C. Espresso Coffee: Professional Techniques. New York: Peanut Butter Publishing, 1996. 37. Kirkpatrick, Larry D. and Gerald F. Wheeler. Physics a World View. Orlando: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001. 171.

Essay --

In Africa there have been many wars and problems with poverty as well as famine that lead to war. One specific war was the civil war in Congo also known as The Great War of Africa. The war in Congo lasted from August 1998 to July 2003 and left thousands of people dead or injured. The war started because of issues in the DRC which stands for the Democratic Republic of Congo. The war was a long and terrifying war that ended when the transitional government of Democratic Republic of Congo took power. Africas unfriendliness has continued with the Lords Resistance Army Insurgencies and The Kivu as well as Ituri conflicts. The civil war in congo has made a huge impact on the people of africa and how they live today. The Kivu conflict was an armed conflict against the FARDC ,which stands for The Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Hutu power group Democratic forces for the liberation of Rwanda in 2004. The main group against the FARDC was the rebel tutsi forces under the command of Laurant Nkunda. As a result of this conflict the CNDP, which stand for the National Congress Defence of the People, divided R0wandan Hutu power in 2009. The Ituri was a conflict between the Agriculturalist Lendu and Pastoralist Hema ethnic groups of the Ituri region which is in the northeastern region of the DRC. This started as early as 1972 and the most recent conflict was in 1999 to 2003 but has had small amounts of conflict until 2007. The lendu ethnicity was represented by the FNI which stands for Nationalist and integrationist Front. The hema ethnicity was represented by the UPC which stands for the Union of Congolese Patriots. there was a lot of violence like large massacres that both ethn icity did. The BBC found out that from 199... ... to blend into the forest and wait for them to attack; the nature of the army even further undermines the military operations. There are many attempted solutions that the security council of UN tried, but did not completely succeed in stopping the war. In the future there will not be as much fighting. There will be less conflict and more peace with the government and the FDLR. Hopefully in the future the people of Africa will not live in poverty as well as famine and have more money than what they have now. They could have enough money to survive longer and to buy medicine as well as food. In africa there should be more laws passed to for gun control and the government should try to get bigger and stronger to stop the FDLR. The UN should try to do more to stop the war in Africa. there are many solutions that that were tried but failed in stopping the war in Africa.

2013-14 BTEC Business Level 3 Unit 1 Assignment brief Essay

1. Know the range of different businesses and their ownership 2. Understand how businesses are organised to achieve their purposes 3. Know the impact of the economic environment on businesses 4. Know how political, legal and social factors impact on business. Context This assignment you will be required to research organisations that operate in different business environments. In the first part of the assignment you will have to research the purposes and ownership of a range of local organisations. The second part of the assignment will look at organisations based in another country. The research carried out in this unit can be used as a basis for more detailed study in later units. Scenario You work as a journalist at Northampton’s Chronicle & Echo newspaper which is planning to run a feature article on local businesses. You will need to visit two local businesses in order to carry out your research. Assignment 1.1: You have been asked to prepare a Presentation for the Editor that may later be used as the basis for preparing an article aimed at the readership of your local newspaper. The first slides to your presentation should include: a brief introduction to the two local businesses one business should be profit-making, e.g. Marks & Spencer; one business should be not-for-profit, e.g. Malcolm Arnold Academy your two businesses should vary in size a description of the types of your businesses a description of the purpose of your businesses, including the aims and objectives of your organisations a description of the ownership of your businesses. This should include an accurate, but not necessarily detailed, statement as to the extent of owners’ liability for debts. DESCRIBE the type of business, purpose and ownership of two contrasting businesses Deadline Friday 27th September 2013 Assignment 1.2: You should continue to develop the presentation you started in Assignment 1.1 with: a description of the different stakeholders who influence the purpose of your two different organisations an explanation of the viewpoints of different stakeholders and how these seek to influence the aims and objectives of your business organisations an evaluation of the influence of different stakeholders on one of your two organisations a priority ranking of the stakeholders of your organisation, e.g. 1 = most important, 5 is least important a statement about the importance of each stakeholder and why you believe this to be the case. Your opinions should be supported by evidence from different sources. For each piece of evidence state how reliable you think it is and why. DESCRIBE the different stakeholders who influence the purpose of two contrasting businesses EXPLAIN the points of view of different stakeholders seeking to influence the aims and objectives of two contrasting organisations EVALUATE the influence different stakeholders exert in one organisation The Chronicle & Echo plans to give a report as a follow up to your presentation, which was well received. In this report you will need to choose one of the two organisations from your initial article and compare it with an organisation from another country. This requires you to research a different economic environment, e.g. China or India, and to look at one business from that country. This business will then be compared with your UK business. Draw up a table of economic data for the UK and one other, contrasting, economic environment. Choose at least three economic topics and collect relevant data from two different countries, e.g. GDP, inflation or interest rates. Using the data collected in your table describe the influence of two contrasting economic environments (i.e. the economic data collected) on business activities within your selected organisations. Compare the challenges to their business activities that your two organisations face due to their economic environment, e.g. how does the inflation rate impact on supply costs or demand for your two businesses? Write at least one paragraph for each piece of economic data for each business. DESCRIBE the influence of two contrasting economic environments on business activities within a selected organisation COMPARE the challenges to selected business activities within a selected organisation, in two different economic environments Deadline Friday 18th October 2013